Polyamory

Polyamory Polyamory Polyamory By Maeve Maddox I learn a great many new words as I cruise the Web collecting examples of usage for my posts. This week I learned polyamory: polyamory: the fact of having simultaneous close emotional relationships with two or more other individuals, viewed as an alternative to monogamy, especially in regard to matters of sexual fidelity; the custom or practice of engaging in multiple sexual relationships with the knowledge and consent of all partners concerned. The adjective is polyamorous. An article in The Atlantic describes the living conditions of three people who practice polyamory: All three live there together, but they aren’t roommates- they’re lovers. Or rather, Jonica and Michael are. And Sarah and Michael are. And so are Sarah and whomever she happens to bring home some weekends. And Michael and whomever he might be courting. They’re polyamorous. According to the Atlantic article, Polyamorous people still face plenty of stigmas, but some studies suggest they handle certain relationship challenges better than monogamous people do. This new demographic has already acquired a shortened form in headlines: Poly demographic survey in the  UK What Do Polys Want?: An Overview of the 2012 Loving More Survey Academic papers are being written on the polyamorous life style: Not Monogamous? Not a Problem: A Quantitative Analysis of the Prevalence of Polyamory    The words polyamory and polyamorous show up on the Ngram Viewer in the 1980s, rising precipitately in the 1990s. Here are some more familiar terms used to describe various types of sexual relationship that differ from monogamy: polyandry polygamy bigamy extramarital sex adultery infidelity cuckoldry fornication Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Words with More Than One SpellingPeople versus PersonsCharles's Pen and Jesus' Name

Critique vs. Criticism

Critique vs. Criticism Critique vs. Criticism Critique vs. Criticism By Maeve Maddox Although dictionaries list critique and criticism as synonyms, the words are not exact equivalents. Perhaps because its two letters shorter, headline writers often use critique when criticism would be the more appropriate choice. Take the following example: News Anchor Fiercely and Succinctly Claps [sic] Back at a Viewers Critique of Her Appearance Here is the so-called critique: All the female reporters and anchors wear little to no jewelry but B Ciara wears the biggest and worst jewelry I have ever seen, please have her play by all same rules as every one else. The viewers petty comment is not a critique. It is a criticism. The word critique connotes a detailed analysis that describes and weighs the characteristics of something before drawing conclusions based on evidence and inference. The type of critique Im most familiar with analyzes and evaluates a piece of writing. Other kinds of critiques are written by political analysts, scientific theorists, and philosophers. A critique considers positive aspects of a subject as well as negative ones. A critiques conclusion may be negative, but the critic will have demonstrated a line of reasoning that led to it. The meanings of critique and criticism overlap, but criticism is already used in a general sense to refer to an expression of mere disapproval or faultfinding. It seems desirable to reserve the word critique to refer to a detailed and thoughtful analysis. Here are some alternative choices for criticism in the sense of censure: condemnation denunciation disapproval disparagement opprobrium attack stricture recrimination Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Synonyms for â€Å"Leader†Hang, Hung, Hanged90 Verbs Starting with â€Å"Ex-†

When do democratic mechanisms increase political risks to waging war Essay

When do democratic mechanisms increase political risks to waging war - Essay Example In the current times, the inter-dependency of resources becomes one of the most critical issues for peaceful negotiations of crisis across borders. It can also be argued that technology has redefined communication and has helped transform international political economy that relies on global consensus and global views. â€Å"The relation between military organization and the civilian environment can be shaped in different ways: in some countries, the civilians are executing firm oversight over the armed forces, whereas in some other countries the military can perform its duties regarding national security in its own, autonomous way, if not even in the way where the military imposes its principles of governance over the citizens. In the contemporary society, the last, i.e. military-dominated political systems are rare†(Jelusic,2007). But at the same time, Shultz (1999) points out that within democratic mechanisms, the political leaders tend to face higher political cost to wagi ng war and therefore the threat to war is often resisted by the target nation. Indeed, the wider ramifications of threats by democratic state are less likely to be taken seriously by rogue nations than by threats from non-democratic states. However, history is witness to the fact that this is not always true. Moreover, according to Jelusic the idea more common are civilian-dominated political systems, in which civilian political leaders control the military in very authoritative way, or where the whole civilian environment through the channels of the democratic control over the military imposes the tasks, the execution of tasks and respect for democracy in the inner-military organizational structures. America’s war against Iraq was fought not for political leverage but for personal gain vis-a-vis access to the vast resources of oil and gas (Habermas, 2006). The democratic constraints and reasons for waging war have therefore become increasingly contentious issues that need to be looked from the wider perspectives of emerging new equations of political economy that has redistributed wealth and created new power structure. Globalization has brought huge changes not only in the economic circles, but also in the political circles. For example, America and China were not in good terms before the introduction of globalization. However, both the countries realized the importance of meaningful cooperation for mutual benefits. At present, China is one of the major trade partners of America. Moreover, plenty of American companies are operating in China and America is one of the major markets for Chinese products. In short, the magnitude of interdependencies between China and America is huge at present and hence these two countries are not at all clashing each other aggressively when political differences widen in between these two countries. It should be noted that China is supporting Palestinians whereas America is supporting Israel in the Middle East conflict. At the time of writing this paper, intense fight is going on in Gaza between Israelis and Palestinians. However, neither China nor America seems to be interested in interfering in this issue even though both these countries have contrasting views regarding this war. The silence of these two superpowers clearly suggests that they do not want to spoil their economic relationships for political gains. The case is not much different as far as the problems in Syria are concerned. Yet despite the grisly murders by the Syrian regime, the Arab League remains silent. The Arab regimes remain silent. In the meantime, Walid al-Muallem, the Syria Foreign Minister, had the chutzpah to chide the Arab ambassadors in Damascus for not condemning the

How important has Hollywood been in influencing Chinese filmmaking Essay

How important has Hollywood been in influencing Chinese filmmaking since the 1980s - Essay Example The resultant increase in local entertainment fare has created countrywide romanticism among the cultural detractors as well as some industrial practitioners as they prefer a cinema that is characterized by more cultural importance. Filmmaking in China is therefore trapped between economic ambitions in order to capture the local market that is occupied by imports especially from Hollywood and cultural ambitions to create films that have Chinese physiognomies. The present tension between nationalism and commercialization is similar to the events of the development of the Chinese cinema between 1922 and 1931 when competition from Hollywood shadowed the local screens. The irregular interaction between nationalism and commercialism is especially prominent during the periods when Hollywood dominates (Rojas and Chow, 2013, p. 554). In some instances hostile, while facing threats from Hollywood, nationalism supports the protection of China’s cultural identity through safeguarding its domestic cultural market. Conversely, commercialization provides a strategic solution for regaining market share through the production of popular entertainment cinemas. When considered from this point of view, nationalism assists in justifying the growth of commercialization, but the latter ultimately motivates the rebirth of nationalism. This is the case of the first and most current entertainment cinema waves from China that is characterized by vigorous interplay between nationalization and commercialization that is evident in its industrial practices and Chinese genres. The film industry in China has gone through a functional transition and a number of institutional reformations. Film was redefined in 1984 to become a cultural instead of an institution that carries propaganda meant to reinforce party ideologies. The ramifications of this functional reformation have been both positive and negative since the studios enjoys more

Statement of Purpose Essay Example for Free

Statement of Purpose Essay Knowledge comes by eyes always open and working hands, and there is no knowledge that is not power†. This statement characterizes my beliefs. Ever since I attended the first industrial visit during my sophomore year of engineering I have nurtured a dream of becoming a part of the top level management team of a firm. Now, after two years of relevant experience in the field of procurement in Supply chain Management, the power of knowledge seems to call me out persuading me to seek more. The dream I nurtured during my graduation has grown with me and I hope the day of realization is not far off. To make this a reality I intend to pursue an M.B.A in strategy and procurement management at your esteemed university. Soon after my graduation I set out to realize my dream by joining Olympic Cards Private Limited as a procurement engineer. After a year of experience I joined a top electronic manufacturing company (Foxconn International Holdings) in order to attain global experience. The company trained me in global procurement and appointed me as a team leader for the procurement team at Foxconn India Private Limited which I consider as one of the biggest achievement so far in my life. Early in my life, at the high school level, I learnt the value of hard work and perseverance. This led me to secure 90% in my higher secondary examination. Later this served as a foundation for my studies in electronics and communication at B.S.A Crescent Engineering College which ranks as one of the top accredited engineering college affiliated to Anna University in the state of Tamilnadu (South India). Besides this academic achievement I am an active musician and my passion for music has helped me to further understand the importance of hard work and perseverance required to excel. I was elected as the secretary of the college music association in the year 2004 and I performed at a number of prestigious venues around the city. As a part of my work experience I have gained knowledge in the following fields, †¢ Strategic development of suppliers †¢ Analyzing and negotiation of the quotation †¢ Management of contracts and agreements with suppliers †¢ Supplier performance evaluation †¢ Different kinds of P.O disposition †¢ Debit note and Credit note †¢ Inventory Control †¢ Documentation for the procurement department for TL9000 †¢ Part of internal quality and on-site supplier auditing team †¢ Key user for SAP R/3 Material Management Module This had provided me with a firm grasp of concepts and a launching pad to embark upon a voyage of knowledge in procurement. My study of these fields has also served to further fuel my ambition and deepen my interest in the field of strategy and procurement management. I got some very interesting information about my field of study by browsing your website and this has driven me to apply for the M.B.A (Strategy and procurement management) course offered at your prestigious university. The eight modules of the M.B.A program which include the Strategic Management, Organization Resource Management, Strategic Marketing, Financial Management, Operations Management, International Risk Management, Power Regimes Supply Chain Management, Business Strategy and Procurement competence will help me improve my cognizance in the field of procurement and I believe that studying at your university will give me the means to achieve my goals and realize my dreams. I therefore make an earnest request to consider my application for admission.

The Nature of Quantitative Research Essay -- Quantitative Research Pap

The Nature of Quantitative Research Quantitative Research Defined: According to Huysamen (1997), "descriptions of quantitative research typically discern a cycle of successive phases of hypothesis formulation, data collection, analysis and interpretation." Using a deductive approach, quantitative research seeks to establish facts, make predictions, and test hypotheses that have already been stated. A large part of the data analysis of quantitative research is statistical, striving to show that the world can be looked at in terms of one reality; this reality, when isolated in context, can be measured and understood, a perspective known as positivism (Gay & Airasian, 1999). Quantitative researchers are those who find themselves "treat(ing) their objects of study as having an existence independent of themselves and without any intrinsic meaning" (Huysamen, 1997). The Differing Characteristics of Qualitative Research: Somewhat in contrast to quantitative research is the practice of qualitative research. Whereas quantitative research is positivist in its outlook, qualitative research has a non-positivist perspective; this theory holds the view that the world itself is made up of different people with different perspectives and therefore, has many different meanings and contexts. While quantitative researchers work mostly with numerical data, qualitative researchers use mainly "non-numerical data such as observations, interviews, and other more discursive sources of information" (Gay & Airasian, 1999). Another difference between the two types of research is that where quantitative research seeks to find evidence which supports or does not support an existing hypothesis, "qualitative designs allow the hypotheses to emer... ...vey Isn't Research." Counselor Education and Supervision, 31, 194-195. Gay, L. R., & Airasian, Peter. (1999). Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Application, Sixth Edition, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill. Huysamen, G. K. (1997, March). "Parallels Between Qualitative Research and Sequentially Performed Quantitative Research." South African Journal of Psychology, 27, 1-8. Johnson, R. Burke. (1997). "Examining the Validity Structure of Qualitative Research." Education, 118, 282-293. McCullough, Dick. (1997). Quantitative vs. Qualitative Marketing Research. [Online]. Retrieved September 18, 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://www.macroinc.com/articles/ Urban Wallace & Associates. (1995). Quantitative Research. [Online]. Retrieved September 18, 1999 from the World Wide Web:http://www.uwa.com/marketing/consultants/homepage.htm#Questions

Islamic Economic System

INTRODUCTION Islam is a complete code of life which offers its own social, political and economic systems to guide human behavior in all spheres of life. History has recorded that the economic system of Islam, for the first time in the world had established social and economic justice during the period of al-Khilafah al-Rashidah. In any ideal Muslim society, socio-economic justice is considered as one of the most significant characteristics for the social, political, and economic as well as all realms of human interaction.Exploitation and any source of unjustified enrichment in Islam are prohibited. The Holy Qur’an has emphatically instructed Muslims not to acquire each other’s property wrongfully. Islam is not an ascetic religion. It takes a positive view of life as the natural outcome of the belief that human beings are the vicegerents of Allah (Swt). The conditions for interest/riba has been laid down as increase in principal amount and increase with respect to payme nt period, the more period causes more increase. Interest/riba has been categorized into two types.After describing interest/riba and its types, reasons have been sought for prohibition of interest/riba from Quran referring to Surah Al-Rum-39, Surah Al-Nisa-161, Surah Al-Imran 130-2 and Surah Al-Baqrah 275-281. Help from Hadith (Muslim, Ahmed, Tirmidhi and Ibn-e-Majah) has also been sought. Interest/riba generates various evils like moral evils, social evils and economic evils. The goals of socio-economic justice and equitable distribution of income and wealth are integral parts of the moral philosophy of Islam.However, one of the socio-economic reforms made by Islam was the prohibition of riba (interest). About the efficacy and usefulness of the prohibition of interest in Islam, Muslim economists have tried to provide the juridical clarity and support based on reason, as opposed to mere belief. The purpose of this paper is to spell out the meaning of riba or interest, its different kinds, and the social, moral, as well as economic rationale of its prohibition.The central feature of an Islamic financial system is the absolute prohibition of the payment and receipt of interest. Thus, countries that have chosen to bring their economic systems into closer accordance with the rules prescribed by Islamic law have had to restructure their banking Systems to conform to the restriction on interest based financial transactions. One of the main subjects in Islamic economy is study on ration of usury to currency devaluation compensation.In Iran which average inflation rate has been 20% during the last 30 years (that is prices have been averagely multiplied by 240 in the last 30 years) on the one hand and currency devaluation compensation is regarded usury on the basis of traditional definition of usury on the other hand, the fact that devaluation compensation is considered as usury causes the holders of interest free deposit to face continual and evident devaluation and then cause the holders of fixed salary and cash asset to have zero purchasing power over time and some will benefit (including government and then owners of estates) and some will lose.The incurred loss will be the same as the benefit of some beneficiaries leading to poverty of the poor and wealth of the rich and violation of rule of dominance in private ownership. On the basis of traditional jurisprudence, compensation for currency devaluation is regarded the same as inflation rate and non compensation will lead to undesirable consequences.In this article, this traditional attitude has been challenged and we can say that compensation for decrease of purchasing power which is the same as inflation rate is not only usury but also necessary with regard to economic changes in the current era and this is closer to justice recommended in religious law. With regard to the mentioned material, importance of currency devaluation compensation is made evident.In fact, this article seeks to ans wer this question whether currency devaluation compensation is one of the usury evidences or not and if it is necessary to compensate it in transaction (especially in term transaction)?. Substantive hypothesis of this research is that compensation for purchasing power decrease in transaction (especially in loan) is necessary. Much has been written on the interpretation of the term â€Å"interest/riba†, Interest on the wisdom underlying its prohibition, on its economic and social implications and on the practical aspects of the Islamic economy which is supposed to work without interest.It is explained that the people not conversant with principles of Islam and economic philosophy of Islam believe that elimination of interest/riba from banks and financial institutions makes them charitable, rather than commercial concerns which offer financial services without a return. This is their wrong assumption that interest free loan is meant for cooperative and charitable activities and not normally for commercial transactions. It is clear that elimination of interest from financial activities does not mean that lender cannot earn profit.If financing is made for commercial purpose, it can be based on the concept of Musharakah and Mudarabah. Islam animated novel systems which were beyond the reach and perception of human beings to think and develop. LITERATURE REVIEW Much has been written on Interest and its evils. Prohibition of interest in Islam is basically is an effort to prevent the society from the evils of interest. Interest free economy is an ideal economic system, model of which is presented by Islam through Qur’an and Hadith.Prophet Muhammad (S. A. W) laid down the basis of interest free economic system 1400 years ago and Khulfa-e-Rashidain carry that work and establish an economic model that is role model for today’s economists and for those who are contributing their efforts for establishing an Interest free economic system. Regarding subj ect matter in the present article which studies relationship between them, the related literature (except Qur’an & Hadith) relates to the recent 30 years.Islamic prohibited Interest as Qur’an Said: â€Å"Allah deprives riba of all blessing and develops charity† (Al-Baqara-276) â€Å"The interest that you give in order to increase the wealth of the people, does not increase in the sight of Allah† (Al-Rum-39) Basic concept of Interest/riba is explained by Qur’an, Hadith, Islamic and other scholars in an easy way. Fourth Revelation (Surah Al-Baqarah, verses 275-281) â€Å"Those who devour riba will not stand except as stands one whom the evil one by his touch hath driven to madness. That is because they say: â€Å"Trade is like riba†.But Allah hath permitted trade and forbidden riba. Those who after receiving direction from their Lord, desist, shall be pardoned for the past; their case is for Allah (to judge). But those who repeat (the offence ) are companions of the fire; they will abide therein (forever). †(275) Allah further said: â€Å"O you who believe, observe your duty to Allah and give up what remains (due) from interest, if you are believers. But if you do not do it, then be warned of war from Allah and His messenger; and if you repent, then you shall have your capital.Do not exploit and be not exploited. † (2:278-279). The Holy Prophet (S. A. W) has advised Muslims to avoid seven harmful things and the third among these is interest, He stated,' although interest brings increase, yet its end tends to scarcity’. From Jabir (RAA) The Prophet, (PBUH) may curse the receiver and the payer of interest, the one who records it and the two witnesses to the transaction and said: â€Å"They are all alike [in guilt]† (Muslim, Tirmidhi and Musnad Ahmad).From Abdullah Ibn Hanzalah (RAA) the Prophet (PBUH), said: â€Å"A dirham of riba which a man receives knowingly is worse than committing adultery thirty six times† (Mishkat al-Masabih, Kitab al Buyu, Bab al riba, on the authority of Ahmad and Daraqutni). Bayhaqi has also reported the above Hadith in Shu’ab al-imam with addition that â€Å"Hell befits him whose flesh has been nourished by the unlawful. † From Abu Hurayrah (RAA): The prophet, (PBUH), said: â€Å"There will certainly come a time for mankind when everyone will take riba and if he does not do so, its dust will reach him. Abu Dawud, Kitab al Buyu†, Bab fi ijtinabi al-shubuhat; also in Ibn Majah) From Abu Hurayrah (RAA): The Prophet, (PBUH), said: â€Å"God would be justified in not allowing four persons to enter paradise or to taste its blessings: he who drinks habitually, he who takes riba, he who usurps an orphan’s property without right, and he who is undutiful to his parents† (Mustadrak al-Hakim, Kitab al-Buyu) Above illustrated Verses from Holy Qur’an and Hadith explain the meanings and its status in Islam.Prohib ition of Riba Act 1997 states that riba is an stipulated payment over and above the principal amount lent in consideration of the time given for repayment, either on simple or compound basis or any discount given on assignment of debt or any financial paper representing money. Chapra (1985) explains that â€Å"Riba literally means increase, addition, expansion or growth†. Even among secular literature, one finds criticism on interest. Aristotle (384-322 BC) in his book â€Å"Politics† criticized interest in following words â€Å"Of all modes of getting wealth, this is the most unnatural†.In value neutral economics too, we find criticism on interest. Keynes (1936, p. 377) in his monumental work â€Å"General Theory of Income, Employment, Interest and Money† reasoned in following words: â€Å"Interest to-day rewards no genuine sacrifice, any more than does the rent of land. The owner of capital can obtain interest because capital is scarce, just as the own er of land can obtain rent because land is scarce. But whilst there may be intrinsic reasons for the scarcity of land, there are no intrinsic reasons for the scarcity of capital.An intrinsic reason for such scarcity, in the sense of a genuine sacrifice which could only be called forth by the offer of a reward in the shape of interest, would not exist, in the long run, except in the event of the individual propensity to consume proving to be of such a character that net saving in conditions of full employment comes to an end before capital has become sufficiently abundant. But even so, it will still be possible for communal saving through the agency of the State to be maintained at a level which will allow the growth of capital up to the point where it ceases to be scarce†.Tahir (1999) describes that riba is a discrepancy which results from the contractual obligations of a party in the context of a direct exchange of items of the same general kind (such as loan transaction) bet ween two parties. Encyclopedia American International Edition (1970) expresses the meaning of interest that it is a charge for the use of money. Interest has not always been considered legitimate or even moral payment. Until the end of middle ages, any charge for a loan was general considered to be usury.Teachings of Christian, Judaic and Islamic religion, all condemned in varying degrees, the taking of interest, in more recent times, however, usury has come to be regarded as only the charging of illegal rates of interest. â€Å"The interest that you give in order to increase the wealth of the people, does not increase in the sight of Allah; and the Zakat that you pay in order to win Allah’s approval, its payers do indeed increase their wealth† (Surah Al-Rome no. 39)(Shafi and Usmani, 1997, p. 67).It is beautiful and powerful statement from Quran which shows that interest is prohibited by God because it can only increase the wealth of individual not the society.  "Exclusion of interest from financial activities does not necessarily mean that the financier cannot earn a profit. If financing is meant for a commercial purpose, it can be based on concept of profit and loss sharing, for which Musharakah and Mudarabah have been designed since the very inception of Islamic commercial law† (Usmani, 2005, p. 10).It is wrong and confused concept in the society about the operation of the Islamic banking system but Islam provides an alternative system where everyone contributes their share of investment and earns profit. In case of losses all the parties of contract suffer according to their agreed terms and conditions. Islamic financial system is being only successful if all the financial activity will be performed according to Islamic financial law Islamic banking is a very strong sector of interest free economy; Islamic anking can be a true alternative of conventional banking. The Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) defined an Islamic bank ing as â€Å"a financial institution whose statutes, rules and procedures expressly state its commitment to the Principles of Islamic Shariah and to the banning of the receipt and payment of interest on any of its operations† (Hassan, 1999, p. 60). According to this statement it is clear that interest is fully prohibited in Islamic law due to its bad effects on human being and more badly effects on overall society and economy.In an interest based economy a trend arises that rich people create the methods to increase their wealth through effecting the middle and lower classes. In interest based economy the middle class cannot contribute positively in economic system then gradually the economy travel toward financial crises such as credit crunch. An Islamic bank is an intermediary and trustee of other people’s money with the difference that it shares profit and loss with its depositors.In practice the most Islamic banks have an organizational set-up very matched and simi lar to their conventional counterpart banks (Dar and Presley, 2000). â€Å"Islamic banking is phenomenally profitable because, although its underlying funding mechanism is the same as conventional banking, its default experience is better, and its charges higher and less transparent† (Cook, 2006, p. 16). It is resulted from above statements that Islamic banking is not totally different from conventional banking.They are doing same practice such as saving deposits and consumer finances but there are some fundamental differences of its practice and objectives. Islamic banking is interest free and its main objectives are the equal distribution of wealth, decreasing the poverty and increasing the investment opportunities. It is very beneficiary for Muslim population who want to solve all their financial matter according to their religion. Because a number of Islamic and some high street commercial banks from all over the world offer products and services that are according to Sha riah compliant (www. tandardchartered. com). Islamic and traditional banking actually are not different. The both banking system has same objectives and practice the only difference of implementation of interest because interest is totally prohibited in Islam. Islamic banking falls into the realms of conventional banking; Islamic banking try to ensure that all their financial matters according to Islamic financial law as well as the rules and regulations of a articular state like the Financial Services Authority (FSA) in the United Kingdom (Shanmugam, Perumal and Ridzwa, 2004). Islamic banking almost provides same services as conventional banking such as current accounts, saving accounts, insurances, mortgages and investment opportunities in the society. Regarding usury or currency devaluation and its related issues, there are abundant economic literatures. Its reason is that this subject has not been raised as main and serious subject in the past.In Sunnite world, the above issue h as not been seriously raised. Perhaps, the main reason is that this issue becomes important in the country like Iran which usury free banking has been executed completely due to close relationship between currency devaluation compensation and usury free banking. In fact, by study on history of Islamic banking in world of Islam especially in literature of Sunnites, we notice that history of Islamic banking is divided into two periods: firstly, when it has been raised as an ideal form and secondly, when it has been realized.Principle of attention to usury free banking idea is found in book Anvar Eghbal Goreishi (1946) (Naem Sadighi 1948) and Mohammad Ahmad (1952) and consequently, professional elaboration of Mododi in 1950(1961) and writings of Mohammad Hamidollah in 1944, 1955, 1957 and 1967 are included in this group. In all of these works, bailment means participation on the basis of profit and loss was suggested as main mechanism for usury free banking idea (Abdul Ghafoor, 1955). In the next two decades, usury free banking attracted many attentions; efforts of researchers about this subject started in this period.The first works related to Mohammad Azir (1955) and afterward, Abdullah Arabi (1967), Nejatollah Sadighi (1961, 1969) and Alnajar (1971) and Sadr (1961, 1974) published works in this field in late 1960s and early 1970s (Sadighi 1997, P222). These governmental efforts and assistances led to application of theory in reality and the first usury free bank i. e. Islamic Development Bank was born out of this process in 1975. Afterward, different researches were published in the field of usury free banking.Works done by Mir Akhor (1989), Farokh Omar(1985), Khan (1986), Asif Ahmad (1997), Motahari(1403 AH), Mosaei(1998, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2004), Adib Soltani (1996, Bakhtiari (1996), Beheshti (1989), Taskhiri (1996), Tootonchian(2000) , Davoodi (1995), Marzban(1977), Mesbahi (1997), Hedayati (1996), Yousefi (1998), Arif Mohammad (1988) and Musai (1997, 2001) belong to this category. The first private usury free bank was Dubai Islamic bank which was established in 1975 by a group of Muslim merchants from many countries. Afterward, two other private banks called Feisal Islamic Bank was established in Egypt and Sudan.In the same year, Kuwait government established Kuwait Finance House. But before this date, usury free banking has been available in small and limit scale such as banking in Malaysia in the middle 1940s and another one in Pakistan in the late 1950s. With regard to these experiences, Naser Social Bank was established in 1972 which is available now and its goals are social rather than commercial. During the next 10 years, more than 50 usury free banks were formed out of establishment of the first private commercial bank in Dubai. Most of these banks are in Muslim countries.But many are available in West Europe in Denmark, Luxemburg, Switzerland and England. In 1983 and 1984, many banks were established but afterward, the number of these banks has decreased. METHODOLOGY Since this study was secondary data based, no primary data collection methods were followed. Data was collected from various scholarly articles related to studies. Books on Islamic economics were also consulted and considered for data collection. Data related to Zakat, usher, fidia, jizia and charity was collected from Qur’an and Hadith. And authenticity of data was confirmed by Ulma so that any misconception could be prevented.Scholarly articles and related studies were carefully studied and most related data was taken for report. After rigorous study of literature available, a comparative analysis of various sectors of economy was performed. Comparison of Zakat and tax, conventional and Islamic banking, monetary and fiscal policy and also a brief discussion of inflation is included. After comparative analysis and deep discussion of data collected an effort is made to develop an interest free economy model in Pakistan. COMPARATIVE AN ALYSIS Much has been written on the interpretation of the term â€Å"interest/riba.We have expand our discussion more and try to explain the meanings of interest, its implications in different sector of economy and also try to produce free model of economy, sector wise. INTEREST Interest is the money paid for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt. The economy today is based on the system of interest. It has its merits and demerits, but if we analyze it in accordance with the Islamic injunctions and teachings, then we come to realize that this system of interest is not viable for the Muslims, and it undermines the human and cultural values.Interest is the basis of modern capitalism. It is completely opposite to Zakat. Zakat channels wealth from the rich to the poor while interest takes away wealth from the poor and hands it over to the rich. Modern economics are so inter-linked with interest that people may think it is impossible to go without it. The situat ion is really very complex. But, we must aim at getting rid of interest. Unless people fight against the tyrant rulers and establish an Islamic state -the problems will still be there. Further, until Islamic state established, it will make us feel impossible to solve this riba (interest) problem.Allah SWT has not imposed on us something impossible. An interest-free economy will be a boon for all peoples of the world. INTEREST and ISLAM Interest (riba) has been vehemently disapproved in Islam. Islam prohibits all transactions involving interest. This prohibition is for all interest-based transactions, whether giving or receiving, whether dealing with Muslims or non-Muslims. It is reported that the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) cursed those who pay interest, those who receive it, those who write a contract based on it, and those who witness such a contract. Interest is neither a trade nor a profit.It is a means of exploitation and concentration of wealth. PROHIBITION OF INTERES T IN QURAN AND SUNNA’H â€Å"They say, trade is like interest and Allah has allowed trade and prohibited interest. † (2:275). â€Å"Whatever you pay as interest, so that it may increase in the property of (other) men, it does not increase with Allah. â€Å"(30:39). â€Å"O you, who believe, do not take interest, doubling and quadrupling, and keep your duty to Allah, so that you may prosper. † (3:130). â€Å"O you, who believe, observe your duty to Allah and give up what remains (due) from interest, if you are believers.But if you do not do it, then be warned of war from Allah and His messenger; and if you repent, then you shall have your capital. Do not exploit and be not exploited. † (2:278-279). â€Å"Those who devour usury will not stand†¦. Allah has permitted trade and forbidden usury†¦. Allah will deprive usury of all blessing, but will give increase for deeds of charity†¦. † (Qur'an 2:275-6) The Holy Prophet of Islam has advi sed Muslims to avoid seven harmful things and the third among these is interest, He stated,' although interest brings increase, yet its end tends to scarcity’.In several verses of the Holy Qur’an, Allah (Swt) has mentioned the consequences of riba. The Qur’an did not declare the prohibition of riba in the early stage of revelation; rather we find that the complete prohibition of interest came sequentially. In the Qur’an Allah (Swt) says: â€Å"That which ye lay out for increase through the property of (other) people, will have no increase with Allah: But that which ye lay out for charity, seeking the countenance of Allah (will increase): it is these who will get a recompense multiplied†. 30:39) â€Å"That they took riba (usury), through they were forbidden and that they devoured men’s substance wrongfully – We have prepared for those among men who reject faith a grievous punishment. † (4:161) â€Å"O ye who believe! Devour not usury doubled and multiplied; but fear Allah, that ye may (really) prosper. † (3:140) â€Å"Those who devour usury will not stand except as stands one whom the evil one by his touch hath driven to madness. That is because they say: ‘Trade is like usury. ’ But Allah hath permitted trade and forbidden usury.Those who after receiving direction from their Lord, desist, shall be pardoned for the past; their case is for Allah (to judge). But those who repeat (the offence) are companions of the fire, they will abide therein (forever)† (2:275) â€Å"O you who have attained faith! Remain conscious of God, and give up all outstanding gains from Usury, if you are (truly) believers†. (2: 278) TYPES OF RIBA Although the Qur’an did not specify any particular kind of riba, it is generally held that the word al-riba in the Qur’an is that kind of dealing which had been in vogue during the pre-Islamic days.Muslim jurists have classified riba in two type s: 1. riba al-nasi’ah, and 2. riba al-fadal. Riba al- Nasi’ah The term nasi’ah means to postpone or to wait and it refers to the time period that is allowed for the borrower to repay the loan in return for the addition of the premium. Hence it refers to the interest on loans. The prohibition of riba al nasi’ah essentially implies that the fixing in advance of a positive return on a loan as a reward for waiting is not permitted by the Shari’ah. Hadith on Riba Al-Nasi’ah 1) From Usamah Ibn Zayd (RAA): The Prophet, (PBUH), said: â€Å"There is no riba except in Nasi’ah [waiting]. (Bukhari, Muslim and Musnad Ahmad) â€Å"There is no riba in hand to hand (spot) transactions: (Muslim, and Nasa’i). 2) From Ibn Masud (RAA): The Prophet, (PBUH), said: â€Å"Even when interest is much, it is bound to end up into paltriness. † (Ibn Majah and Musnad Ahmad) 3) From Anas Ibn Malik (RAA): The Prophet, (PBUH), said: â€Å"when one of you grants a loan and the borrower offers him a dish, he should not accept it; and if the borrower offers a ride on an animal, he should not ride, unless the two of them have been previously accustomed to exchanging such favors mutually. (Sunan al-Bayhaqi) 4) From Anas Ibn Malik (RAA): The Prophet, (PBUH), said: â€Å"if a man extends a loan to someone he should not accept a gift. † (Mishkat, on the authority of Bukhara’s Tarikh and Ibn Taymiyyah’s al Muntaqa) Riba al-Fadal Islam, however, wishes to eliminate not merely the exploitation that is intrinsic in the institution of interest, but also that which is inherent in all forms of unjust exchange in business transactions. Riba al-fadal is the excess over and above the loan paid in kind.It lies in the payment of an addition by the debtor to the creditor in exchange of commodities of the same kind. The following tradition of the Prophet Muhammad (saw) is cited as evidence. It is related that Abu Said al-Khurdi said: â€Å"the Prophet Muhammad (saw) has said that gold in return for gold, silver for silver, wheat for wheat, barley for barley, dates for dates and salt for salt, can be traded if and only if they are in the same quantity and that is should be hand to hand. If someone gives more or takes, then he is engaged in riba and accordingly has committed a sin. Islam is a complete code of life which offers its own social, political and economic systems to guide human behavior in all spheres of life. History has recorded that the economic system of Islam, for the first time in the world had established social and economic justice during the period of al-Khilafah al-Rashidah. In any ideal Muslim society, socio-economic justice is considered as one of the most significant characteristics for the social, political, and economic as well as all realms of human interaction. Exploitation and any source of unjustified enrichment in Islam are prohibited.The Holy Qur’an has emphatically ins tructed Muslims not to acquire each other’s property wrongfully. Islam is not an ascetic religion. It takes a positive view of life as the natural outcome of the belief that human beings are the vicegerents of Allah (SWT). Hadith on Riba Al-Fadal 1) From Umar Ibn al-Khattab (RAA). The last verse to be revealed was on riba and the Prophet, (PBUH), was taken without explaining it to us; so give up not only riba but also raibah [whatever raises doubts in the mind about its rightfulness]. (Ibn Majah,) International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. No. 6 [Special Issue – March 2012] 149 2) The Prophet, (PBUH) said, â€Å"Sell gold in exchange of equivalent gold, sell silver in exchange of equivalent silver, sell dates in exchange of equivalent dates, sell wheat in exchange of equivalent wheat, sell salt in exchange of equivalent salt, sell barely in exchange of equivalent barley, but if a person transacts in excess, it will be usury (riba). However, sell gold for silver anyway you please on the condition it is hand to hand (spot) and sell barley for date anyway you please on the condition it is hand to hand (spot)†. ) From Abu Sa’id al-Khudri (RAA): The Prophet, (PBUH) said, â€Å"Do not sell gold for gold except when it is like for like, and do not increase one over the other; do not sell silver for silver except when it is like for like, and do no increase one over the other; and do not sell what is away (from among these) for what is ready. † (Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmidhi, Nasa’i and Musnad Ahmad) 4) From „Ubada Ibn al-Samit (RAA): The Prophet, (PBUH), said: â€Å"Gold for gold, silver for silver, wheat for wheat, barely for barely, ates for dates, and salt for salt-like for like, equal for equal, and hand to hand; if the commodities differ, then you may sell as you wish, provided that the exchange is hand to hand. â€Å"(Muslim and Tirmidhi) Impacts of Interest on Economic System The present money syst em, based on the payment of interest, is unsustainable. Compound interest leads to exponential growth, which can be seen as a cancer on our social and economic system, a pathological growth pattern leading towards either economic or ecological collapse of unprecedented proportions.Inflation is generally seen as a given and interest as a natural antidote to counteract it, while in fact interest is the major cause of inflation. Economic growth is needed at any cost, by continually increasing public and private debts. The interest system leads to an uneven growth of different sectors of the economy, indicating a severe sickness in the economic system. While the Net Income in Wages and Salaries rose 18 times between 1950 and 1995 in Germany, for instance, the Monetary Assets increased 461 times and the Gross National Product 141 times.The global volume of speculative monetary transactions, arbitrating on the variability of currency values, amounts 97 % of all transactions, with a mere 3 % being in real goods and services. The daily volume of trading exceeds $ 2,000 billion; all the currency and gold reserves in the world would only amount to the volume of seven to eight hours of trading! The interest system has devastating effects on the culture, ecology and society. It sucks up resources from regions with lower returns and redistributes them to the regions with high returns. EVILS OF INTEREST (RIBA)The following evils are explained below which are happened due to interest in the economy. Moral Evils Interest generates such vices as miserliness, selfishness and petty-mindedness. Charity on the other hand develops such virtues as self-sacrifice, sympathy and magnanimity. The former are certainly a form of regression and the latter are signs of progress. Social Evils A society in which selfishness and self-interest are the prime values and people instead of dealing with one another on the basis of consideration are bent upon taking advantage of the pressing needs of each other will always remain victim of chaos and disunity.In contrast, if members of a society are considerate and wish each other well, the society will make rapid progress. Economic Evils From an economic point of view interest results in even more serious losses. Following are some of the highlighted areas: I) Interest and Investment According to Lord Keynes capital investment depends on the one hand on the rate of interest and on the other on MEC (Marginal Efficiency of Capital). The process of investment in a country will continue as long as MEC is higher than the interest rate or at least at par with it.As soon as MEC falls below the interest rate, the process of investment will come to a halt. This phenomenon may be illustrated by the following table: Investment| MEC| Interest Rate| 10 Million| 24%| 18%| 20 Million| 22%| 18%| 30 Million| 20%| 18%| 40 Million| 18%| 18%| Suppose the interest rate is 18% and an investment of Rs. 10 million is made on which the MEC is 24%. Sinc e MEC is higher than the interest rate, investment is profitable. So the process of investment will continue. Now an additional investment of Rs. 10. 00 million is made on which the MEC declines from 24% to 22%. Investment is still profitable.So the process of investment will continue until MEC is equal to interest rate. As the above table shows at an investment of Rs. 40 million the MEC is at par with the 18% interest rate. After that the process of investment will stop because MEC will fall below the 18% rate of interest. The investment will then be non profitable. At this point the only hurdle in the way of investment is the interest rate. Further investment will continue only if the interest rate is reduced. If the interest rate is decreased to zero, the process of investment will continue till the level of full employment is achieved.II) Interest and Price When interest (as compensation for capital) is used as a factor of production it becomes part of the cost of production. It s burden is consequently shifted to the consumer. Moreover, interest is not added to the price once only, but it continues to be added to the price at several stages. Take the case of manufacturing of cloth. In the first place, the farmer will add interest to the price of cotton. Interest will again be added to the cost of production of yarn. It will be added to the cost of weaving, then to the cost of dyeing and finally to the price of finished cloth.Thus at every stage of production, interest enhances the price of goods which is totally unjustified. Interest by increasing the real price manifold causes inflation. III) Interest and Distribution of Wealth The distribution of wealth in a society becomes inequitable due to interest. Interest is an overhead charge which does not form part of any factor of production. Interest is received by the capitalist who continues the use his wealth to earn more wealth. Hence instead of circulating in the society, wealth is concentrated in the han d of the capitalist class.This causes an unjust distribution of wealth in the society. In this way due mainly to interest the rich in the society get richer and the poor, poorer. In regard to the distribution of Wealth, Abdul Qadir Salim writes in the October 1997 issue of the Tarjuman-ul-Quran: â€Å"Now when there is no significant rival to the capitalist system, what is the situation in the world? In this age of free economy and privatization twenty per cent of total world population is still living below the poverty line and its share in the gross wealth of the world is only 1. 5%. The poor are getting poorer.Growing poverty is not the problem of the third world alone. The advanced countries face this problem too. Sixty per cent of world’s resources are controlled and consumed by the twenty per cent rich. The prestigious journal â€Å"The Economist dated 5th Nov. 1996† complains: Never during the last fifty years has there been such as large gap in incomes in Brit ain as there is today. In other industrialized countries also the gulf between the rich and poor has widened. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 2 No. 6 [Special Issue – March 2012] 151 IV) Trade Cycle and InterestInterest creates trade cycles also. It plays a special role in bringing about a slump in the market. According to Hawtray’s Monetary Theory, the Banks issue loans with a free hand when the trade is brisk but as soon as signs of a slump appear they start of trade cycles recovery of the loans. In this way capital shrinks and the slump starts declining to its lowest level. V) Interest and Allocation of Resources Chapra (2000) expresses in Tarjuman-ul-Quran: Financial institutions operating on the basis of interest evaluate the resources of the applicants for a loan.They demand proper security to ensure that the borrower will not only return their capital but also an additional charge. How will the financial resources be utilized? This qu estion is not the basic and decisive factor in extending a loan. In this way financial resources flow either to the rich who can provide the requisite securities or to the Government which is considered to be immune to insolvency. Bank deposits are largely provided by various sections of the society. (It is estimated that eighty percent bank deposits in Pakistan are received from middle class and low income groups of the society).However, its advantages are largely monopolized by the rich class. The MEC varies according to the sector of investment. So, projects vital to national interest in which MEC is lower than interest rate will not attract investment. A society run on interest will shy away from investing money in those projects in which MEC is low. If interest is abolished investment will be available for every sector and project without discrimination. VI) Interest and Business The capitalist fixes his share (interest rate) at the time of investment in business.Since his prof it is guaranteed under all circumstances, he has no active interest in the business. He does not care if the business earns profit or incurs a loss. The running of business is entirely the responsibility of the management. A class of financiers thus comes into existence who supplies money and then sits idle. If interests are abolished, the financier class will take an active part in the economic struggle and the pace of economic development in the country will be accelerated. VII) Interest and Efficiency Interest has ill-effects on the efficiency of the people in general.The people who take loans to fulfill private needs are especially burdened with constant anxiety and mental depression. This condition has an adverse effect on their efficiency. Their interest in work is half-hearted because they are constantly nagged by the thought that a major portion of their earnings will got to pay the interest. Worry and depression weaken their physical health and their efficiency progressivel y deteriorates. VIII) Interest and Economic Instability Chapra (2000) states in Tarjuman-ul-Quran that interest destabilize the economy.The well-known American Economist Milton Friedman relates economic ups and downs to rise and fall in interest rate. A high rate of interest creates conditions of extreme uncertainty in investment market. It causes constant ups and downs in the gross profit (interest + profit) on total investment and makes it very difficult to take reliable decisions about long term investment. IX) Interest and International Loans The capitalist economy is virtually based on loans. So we can call it debt based economy. Individual or home consumption, private or public sector, economic activities in all spheres revolve round interest-based credit.The Special Issue on Behavioral and Social Science  © Centre for Promoting Ideas, USA www. ijhssnet. com 152 During the past two hundred years policies for economic development have used loans not only for physical developm ent but also as instruments for financial expansion. So through credit creation financial expansion has not only been made the most dynamic factor for the economy but has been accorded the greatest importance for achieving economic stability. The developing countries suffer heavy loss due to the dominance of interest-based economic order in the world.As debtors the developing countries have to tolerate the interference of the advanced countries in their internal affairs. Economically also the developing countries undergo a great loss because a large portion of their meager resources is utilized in returning loans with interest. ALTERNATIVES TO INTEREST Islam not only prohibits interest but also provides alternatives to it for doing business and transactions. These include the Mudarabah and Musharakah as explained ahead. MUDARABAH â€Å"Mudarabah† is a special kind of partnership where one partner gives money to another for investing it in a commercial enterprise.The investmen t comes from the first partner who is called â€Å"rabb-ul-mal†, while the management and work is an exclusive responsibility of the other, who is called â€Å"mudarib†. Business of Mudarabah The rabb-ul-mal may specify a particular business for the mudarib, in which case he shall invest the money in that particular business only. This is called al-Mudarabah-al-muqayyadah (restricted Mudarabah). But if he has left it open for the mudarib to undertake whatever business he wishes, the mudarib shall be authorized to invest the money in any business he deems fit.This type of Mudarabah is called ‘al-Mudarabah-al-mutlaqah’ (unrestricted Mudarabah) A rabb-ul-mal can contract Mudarabah with more than one person through a single transaction. It means that he can offer his money to A and B both, so that each one of them can act for him as mudarib and the capital of the Mudarabah shall be utilized by both of them jointly, and the share of the mudarib shall be distrib uted between them according to the agreed proportion . In this case both the mudaribs shall run the business as if they were partners inter se.The mudarib or mudaribs, as the case may be, are authorized to do anything which is normally done in a course of business. However, if they want to do an extraordinary work, which is beyond the normal routine of the traders, they cannot do so without express permission from the rabb-ul-mal. Distribution of the Profit It is necessary for the validity of Mudarabah that the parties agree, right at the beginning, on a definite proportion of the actual profit to which each of them is entitled. No particular proportion has been prescribed by the Shari’ah; rather, it has been left to their mutual consent.They can share the profit in equal proportions, and they can also allocate different proportions for the rub-ul-mal and the mudarib. However, they cannot allocate a lump sum amount of profit for any party, nor can they determine the share of any party at a specific rate tied up with the capital. For example, if the capital is Rs. 100000/- they cannot agree on a condition that Rs. 10000/- out of the profit shall be the share of the mudarib, nor can they say that 20% of the capital shall be given to rabb-ul-mal. However, they can agree on that 40% of the actual profit shall go to the mudarib and 60% to the rabb-ul-maal or vice versa.It is also allowed that different proportions are agreed in different situations. For example the rabb-ul-mal may say to the mudarib, â€Å"If you trade in wheat, you will get 50% of the profit and if you trade in flour, you will have 33% of the profit†. Similarly, he can say â€Å"If you do the business in your town, you will be entitled to 30% of the profit, and if you do it in another town, your share will be 50% of the profit. † Apart from the agreed proportion of the profit, as determined in the above manner, the mudarib cannot claim any periodical salary or a fee or remuner ation for the work done for him by the Mudarabah.All the schools of the Islamic Fiqh are unanimous on this point. However, Imam Ahmad has allowed for the mudarib drawing his daily expenses of food only from the Mudarabah account. The Hanafi jurists restrict this right of the mudarib only to a situation where he is on a business trip outside his own city. In this case he can claim his personal expenses, accommodation, food etc. , but he is not entitled to get anything as daily allowances when he is in his own city.If the business has incurred loss in some transactions and has gained profit in some others, the profit shall be used to offset the loss at the first instance, and then the remainder, if any, shall be distributed between the parties according to the agreed ratio. Termination of Mudarabah The contract of the Mudarabah can be terminated at any time by either of the two parties. The only condition is to give a notice to the other party. If all assets of the Mudarabah are in ca sh form at the time of termination, and some profit has been earned on the principle amount, it shall be distributed between the parties according to the agreed ratio.However, if the assets of the Mudarabah are not in the cash form, the mudarib shall be given an opportunity to sell or liquidate them, so that the actual profit may be determined. There is a difference of opinion among the Muslim jurists about the question whether the contract of Mudarabah can be affected for a specified period after which it terminates automatically. The Hanafi and Hanbali schools are of view that the Mudarabah can be restricted to a particular term, like one year, six months, etc, after which it will come to an end without a notice.On the contrary, Shafi’i and Maliki schools are of the opinion that the Mudarabah cannot be restricted to a particular time. However, this difference of opinion relates only to the maximum time limit of the Mudarabah. Can a minimum time limit also be fixed by the pa rties before which Mudarabah cannot be terminated? No express answer to this question is found in the books of the Islamic Fiqh, but it appears from the general principles numerated therein that no such limit can be fixed, and each party is at liberty to terminate the contract whenever he wishes.This unlimited power of the parties to terminate the Mudarabah at their pleasure may create some difficulties in the context of the present circumstances, because most of the commercial enterprises today need time to bring fruits. They also demand constant and complex efforts. Therefore, it may be disastrous to the project, if the rabb-ul-mal terminates the Mudarabah right in the beginning of the enterprise. Specially, it may bring a severe setback to a mudarib who will earn nothing despite all his efforts.Therefore, if the parties agree, when entering into the Mudarabah, that no party shall terminate it during a specified period, except in specified circumstances it does not seem to violate any principle of Shari’ah, particularly in the light of the famous Hadith, already quoted which says: â€Å"All the conditions agreed upon by the Muslims are upheld, except a condition which allows what is prohibited or prohibits what is lawful. † COMBINATION OF MUSHARKAH AND MUDARABAH A contract of Mudarabah normally presumes that the mudarib has not invested anything to the Mudarabah.He is responsible for the management only, while all the investment comes from rabb-ul-mal. But there may be situations where the mudarib also wants to invest some of his money into the business of Mudarabah. In such cases Musharakah and Mudarabah are combined together. For example, A gave to B Rs. 100000/- in a contract of Mudarabah. B added Rs. 50000/- from his own pocket with the permission of A. This type of partnership will be treated as a combination of Musharakah and Mudarabah.Here the mudarib may allocate for himself a certain percentage of profit on account of his investment as a sharik, and at the same time he may allocate another percentage for his management and work as a mudarib. The normal basis for allocation of the profit in the above example would be that B shall secure one third of the actual profit on account of his investment, and the remaining two thirds of the profit shall be distributed between them equally. However, the parties may agree on any other proportion.The only condition is that the sleeping partner should not get more percentage than the proportion of the investment. Now let’s see economy sector vise and analyze both interest based and interest free models. ISLAMIC TAXATION SYSTEM Zakat and Tax Zakat and tax are two systems that are used for the monetary benefits of the people. In this topic we will compare the two systems. Zakat Zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam. The word Zakat means both ‘purification' and ‘growth'. Zakat occupies a central position in the economic system of Islam.One of the most impor tant principles of Islam is that all things belong to God, and that wealth is therefore held by human beings in trust. Our possessions are purified by setting aside a proportion for those in need, and, like the pruning of plants, this cutting back balances and encourages new growth. Zakat does not only purify the property of the contributor but also purifies his heart from selfishness and greed. It also purifies the heart of the recipient from envy and jealousy, from hatred and uneasiness and it fosters instead good-will and warm wishes for the contributors.As Muslims pay the Zakat they have the genuine feeling that it is an investment and not a debit helping to establish economic balance and social justice in the society. Compulsory payment of Zakat is one of the main principles of an Islamic economy. Every Muslim who owns wealth more than his needs must pay the fixed rate of Zakat to the Islamic state. Zakat is a means of narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor. It helps t he fair distribution of wealth. It is a form of social security.The Islamic state is responsible for providing the basic necessities of food, clothing, housing, medicine and education to every citizen. No-one should have any fear of insecurity or poverty (9:69, 103, 98:5). Primarily the root denotes an increase or augmentation (particularly of a positive, favorable or auspicious thing or virtue). Some also say that it means â€Å"to purify†. However, in the Quran AZKA has been used along with ATHAR in 2:232. The root, T-H-R (ta-ha-ra) from which the word ATHAR is derived, has the meanings â€Å"to purify† but the meanings â€Å"to increase, grow, thrive, augment etc. are the primary significations of the root Z-K-W. TAHARA is a negative virtue which signifies being free from dirt, filth or derogatory things. ZAKA is a positive virtue which signifies positive growth and development. The following phrases further clarify the signification of the root Z-K-W. * Zakat-il-a rdh means the land throve or yielded increase * Zakat-al-ghulam means the boy grew or throve * Al-ilmo yazkoo Alal infaaq means the knowledge increases by spending * Zukkoo means he enjoyed or led a plentiful and a pleasant or an easy, and a soft or delicate life.OR he was in a state of abundance of the goods, conveniences or comforts of life OR he enjoyed a life of increase or plenty. * Zaka means increase or augmentation or growth or development. The term aatozakaat appears in the following verses: 2:43; 2:83; 2:110; 2:277; 4:77; 9:5; 9:11; 22:41; 22:78; 24:56; 58:13; 73:20; The root of the word Aatoo is A-T-Y (alif-ta-ya), which has the following meanings (depending upon what word or preposition follows this word): †¢ To come (to or over someone) †¢ To arrive (at) To bring, bring forward, produce, accomplish or achieve (something) †¢ To bring, give or offer or provide (someone, something) †¢ To do or perform (a deed) †¢ To carry out or execute (e. g. a mo vement) †¢ To commit or perpetrate (e. g. a sin or crime) The term aatozakaat is usually taken to mean â€Å"give the poor rate† where â€Å"poor rate† means† the local tax for the relief of the poor†. This definition of the term aatozakaat is not correct and does not bring forth the true and complete concept of the term ZAKA.The term aatozakaat does not mean JUST to give some fixed sum from the money to the poor,(although it may be a means of accomplishing ZAKA). It is much more than that. Please see the verse 2:177 in which giving some of the wealth to the near of kin and the orphans and the needy and the wayfarer and the beggars and for (the emancipation of) the captives has been differentiated from the term aatozakaat. Zakat is more than just giving from one's wealth to the poor.See the following: (2:177) It is not righteousness that you turn your faces towards the East and the West, but righteousness is this that one should believe in Allah and th e last day and the angels and the Book and the prophets, and give away wealth out of love for Him to the near of kin and the orphans and the needy and the wayfarer and the beggars and for (the emancipation of) the captives, and establish SALAT and provide UZAKAU; and the performers of their promise when they make a promise, and the patient in distress and affliction and in time of conflicts– these are they who are true (to themselves) and these are they who guard (against the inevitable consequences of violating Allah's Commands). Even from the language point of view the term aatozakaat cannot be translated as â€Å"give the poor rate†. Although Aatoo has one of the meanings â€Å"give† but Zakat does not mean â€Å"poor rate†.Zakat means increase or augmentation or growth or development. The term aatozakaat is very comprehensive. It signifies â€Å"(to) Do whatever it takes to provide the means for the development and growth of all†, i. e. â€Å" (to) Do whatever is necessary to accomplish the physical and personal growth and development of all†. [See the meanings, â€Å"do†, â€Å"accomplish†, provide and â€Å"achieve† for the word Aatoo given above]. The purpose of Aatozakaat is to provide the means of development for all. It includes physical development and nourishment as well as development of the human personality i. e. mental/intellectual/personal development or development of the â€Å"self†.Development of human hardware as well as human software It involves development, increase and augmentation in the produce and resources to provide abundance of goods, conveniences and comforts to people as well as their self-actualization or development of their personalities. It is a complete economic system that ensures the provision of all the requisite resources for the physical and personal development of people. In order to establish such a system you have to have authority, power, dominio n and government. If you already have such an authority and you are an Islamic Government, your primary task is to establish such a system. Please see 22:41. 22:41 (Believers are} those who, if We establish them in the land, establish SALAT and provide ZAKA and enjoin good and forbid evil: †¦Notice in the above verse, the establishment in the land has been described as a prerequisite for the system of ZAKA. As has been mentioned above that growth and development is of two types: Physical (i. e. of the human hardware or body) and Personal (i. e. of the human software or the self or the personality). For physical development you have to have something added to your body as nourishment but for the development of the self or self-actualization, you need to give something out of your wealth or resources for others. See the following verses (which state that TAZKIYA or personal development is achieved by giving from your wealth to others: 9:103 accept their contribution for the commu nity.Purify their thoughts with proper education and training so that their â€Å"Self† may grow. Appreciate and Help them! Your appreciation and support is a great source of peace in their hearts. Allah is Hearer, Knower 92:18 Who gives his wealth (for the benefits of others) so that he may attain self-development (and grow in goodness). FUNDAMENTALS AND CONCEPT OF ZAKAT Zakat â€Å"alms for the poor† is the Islamic principle of giving a percentage of one's income to charity. It is often compared to the system of tithing and alms, but it serves principally as the welfare contribution to poor and deprived people in the Muslim lands, although others may have a rightful share.Zakat's similar-sounding, Arabic language analog is the Hebrew word Tzedakah, the charitable obligation in ancient Israel through to present day Judaism. It is the duty of the Islamic state not just to collect Zakat, but to distribute it fairly as well. Zakat is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. Bel ievers in Islam are aware that by giving a fixed percentage of their surplus wealth, they are fulfilling this religious obligation. Muslims see this process also as a way of purifying themselves from their greed and selfishness. In addition Zakat purifies the person who receives it because it saves him from the humiliation of begging and prevents him from envying the rich.Causes & Beneficiaries The Qur'an states that God revealed the beneficiaries of Zakat:†Alms are only for the poor and the needy, and the officials (appointed) over them, and those whose hearts are made to incline (to truth) and the (ransoming of) captives and those in debts and in the way of Allah and the wayfarer; an ordinance from Allah; and Allah is knowing, Wise. † [Qur'an 9:60] The people whose hearts are to be reconciled include (normally new Muslims or those close to becoming Muslim. Non Muslims cannot be included): †¢ Freed slaves †¢ Those heavily burdened with paying their debts †¢ Travelers who find themselves in difficult circumstancesThere have been cases where you can't pay to the Zakat for †¢ Traditional Zakat laws generally do not cover trade. †¢ It is not permissible to pay Zakat to some members of the family (i. e. grandparents, parents, spouses, children), for if they were needy or poor, they are under the custody of the eligible man, while Zakat is intended for public welfare. †¢Zakat doesn't become obligatory on a Muslim if he doesn't have a minimum amount in his possession that has remained unchanged for a whole lunar year; any increase in that money during the year waits for the following year and any decrease as long as the total amount is still above the minimum amount is exempted.In all the four recognized madhhabs the Fiqh of Zakat is very much the same with the key elements that make Zakat compulsory for an individual being: Islam, Freedom, the Nisab, Ownership and a Year's Possession. Zakat is a form of payment, which has t he spiritual development of the believer. Therefore, it should not be looked at as being only an economic duty. On Whom Zakat Is Compulsory Zakat is the amount of money that every adult, mentally stable, free, and financially able Muslim, male and female, has to pay to support specific categories people. This category of people has been defined above. MINIMUMS AND AMOUNTS 1. Passage of One Lunar YearZakat is obligatory after a time span of one lunar year passes with the money in the control of its owner. Then the owner needs to pay 2. 5% (or 1/40) of the money as Zakat. (A lunar year is approximately 355 days). 2. Deduction of Debts The owner should deduct any amount of money he or she borrowed from others; then check if the rest reaches the necessary Nisab, then pays Zakat for it. Nisab for Zakat If the owner had enough money to satisfy the Nisab at the beginning of the year, then the money increased (in profits, salaries, inheritance, grants†¦ etc. ), the owner needs to add t he increase to the Nisab amount owned at the beginning of the year; then pay Zakat, 2. %, of the total at the end of the lunar year (there are small differences in the Fiqh schools here). Zakat is not mandatory on harvest if the total did not reach the minimum limit of about 653 kilograms, nor on gold amounts if the owner has less than 85 grams of gold or less than 595 grams of silver. Calculation of Zakat Each Muslim calculates his or her own Zakat individually. For most purposes this involves the payment each year of two and a half percent of one's capital. Zakat in the Qur’an and Sunnah A. The root of the word Zaka(t) is Z-K-W (za-kaf-waw), which leads to the following meanings: †¢ To increase †¢ To grow †¢ To thrive †¢ To augment †¢ To increase in the purity of heart; to increase in integrity †¢ To befitThe following points will explain calculation methods of Zakat in different situations: B. There are different opinions about this. However, the general opinion is that jewelry, whether it is normally in use, or stored for occasional use, must all be included in calculating Zakat. The value of the gold or silver content in the jewelry should be included in the category of â€Å"Personal wealth†. Precious stones (diamonds, ruby, pearls, etc) are not to be included neither the labor cost of making the jewelry is to be included. Zakat on precious stones, however, is due if they are items of trade and should be included in Item 6, business inventory. C.Though owning a share of stock of any business is like having a share in the ownership of the business; we have categorized it as â€Å"Personal wealth†. Therefore, the lower of the value of stock at the beginning and the end of the year should be added in the category of â€Å"Personal wealth†. This is categorized as â€Å"Personal wealth† because of two reasons. 1. For the most people who own stock it is held as a saving with expectations that it will grow in value over time. In fact it is readily traded for money. Considering it as a readily redeemable asset, we have treated it as another form of saving. Therefore, we suggest using its fair market value in calculating Zakat. 2. Calculating Zakat on stock treating it as a share in ownership is normally not very convenient.There are literally millions of shares owned by general public. A stockholder will need to know his/her share of cash on hand, profit, and inventory, in order to use those values in the calculation of Zakat. This information is ordinarily very difficult to obtain, unless it is a partnership of a few people. Therefore, we did not treat stocks as a business partnership. D. If this amount is available to the individual at any time without any restrictions, then Zakat should be calculated for this amount through the category of â€Å"Personal wealth† because its nature will be that of savings. If the plan is restrictive and involves penalty and/or taxes, opinions differ on the payment of Zakat. 1.One opinion is that an

McCormick Company Essay

â€Å"Since 1889, McCormick has been the Company (McCormick) to turn to for flavor expertise. Today the world relies on their prized consumer brands, trusted ingredients and culinary know-how. McCormick is a global leader in the manufacture, marketing and distribution of spices, seasonings and flavors to the entire food industry. Customers range from retail outlets and food manufacturers to food service businesses.† The McCormick & Company was started in Baltimore, in one room and a cellar by 25-year-old Willoughby M. McCormick. McCormick’s first products were root beer, flavoring extracts, and fruit syrups and juices, sold under â€Å"Bee Brand† and â€Å"Silver Medal† trademarks; â€Å"Iron Glue† (Sticks Everything But the Buyer) and â€Å"Uncle Sam’s Nerve and Bone Liniment† (For Man Or Beast). Products were sold door-to-door and the motto was â€Å"Make the Best – Someone Will Buy It.† In 1896 McCormick bought F. G. Emmett Spice Company of Philadelphia. All machinery was shipped to Baltimore, as the firm prepared to enter the spice field. In the 1900’s its export office opened in New York City, products were shipped to South and Central America, South Africa, East and West Indies, and Europe. The â€Å"Banquet Brand† was established for spices and mustard and they incorporated in Maine, and the firm now enjoyed a wide good standing reputation as manufacturing chemist, drug & spice millers, importers and exporters. The company suffered a great loss of all material assets and records in the Great Baltimore Fire, but within 10 months, a new five-story building was erected on the old site. McCormick added â€Å"Bee Brand† Tea to the product line and became one of the first manufacturers of tea in gauze pouches, thereby introducing â€Å"tea bags.† In the summer of 1912, Charles P. McCormick began working as shipping department clerk and in 1925 he was elected to the Board of Directors. On November 4, 1093 the founder Willoughby McCormick died, thereby leaving 36-year-old C. P. McCormick as elected President and Chairman of the Board. Faced with the serious crisis of the Depression, he quickly implemented a new business philosophy called â€Å"Multiple Management.† A Junior Board of Directors was established. Though out the early 1900’s many business of the like were acquired and the McCormick’s target market was broadened. In 1970 Charles P. McCormick died of a heart attack and Harry K. Wells became Chief Executive Officer on December 1 following John N. Curlett’s retirement from the Company. Mr. Curlett remained Chairman of the Board. Just as in the early portion of the 19th century McCromi 1972 The Company entered a joint venture with Promociones y Commisiones, S.A. of the Republic of Mexico, purchased from the John Kraft Sesame Corporation of Paris, Tex. The venture was renamed Sesame Products, Inc. Industrial Flavor Group is established to encompass activities of Industrial Flavor Division (formerly Industrial Products Division), Botanicus Pte. Ltd., and Sesame Products, Inc. 1974 Acquired Golden West Foods, Inc., of Gilroy, Calif., to manufacture and distribute frozen food products. The Company entered the frozen foods field under the Schilling label with frozen sour dough breads at the retail level and with food service products. 1975 Acquired All Portions, Inc., for $4.5 million, which manufactures portion-control packets of condiments, with plants in San Fernando, Calif., Indianapolis, Ind., and Atlanta, Ga. The two major retail units of the Company the McCormick Division in the east and the Schilling Division in the West, were consolidated to form a new Grocery Products Division, headquartered in Baltimore. The Management Services Division was established to provide improved information services to all units. 1976 Chicago-based TV Time Foods, Inc., producer of popcorn products, was purchased for $3.75 million as a wholly owned subsidiary. 1977 Harry K. Wells elected Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer. John N. Curlett named Chairman Emeritus. Astro Foods, Inc., of San Rafael, Calif., producer of specialty frozen food products for airlines and restaurants, was purchased for $325,000 as a wholly owned subsidiary. 1979 $3.5 million plant in Bedford, Va., opened for production of frozen onion rings by Golden West Foods. Gilroy Foods dedicated solar energy project to be used for dehydration of onions and garlic. Han-Dee Pak, Inc., a portion-control manufacturer in Atlanta, Ga., was purchased for $6 million and became a subsidiary. Harry K. Wells was elected Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, and Hillsman V. Wilson was elected President and Chief Operating Officer. Sandoz, Ltd., a Swiss pharmaceutical firm, announced its intentions to buy the entire company in October 1979. McCormick supplies spices, herbs, extracts, seasoning blends, sauces, marinades and specialty foods to an assortment of retail outlets such as grocery, mass merchandise, warehouse clubs, discount and drug stores. In the U.S. their principal brands include McCormick ®, Lawry’s ®, Zatarain’s ®, Thai Kitchen ®, Simply Asia ® and El Guapo ®. In Canada their brands are Club House ® and Billy Bee ®, in the U.K. it’s Schwartz ® and in France it’s Ducros ® and Vahine ®. In other markets, including Australia and China, the McCormick brand is primarily used. Consumers can find thier products in nearly 100 countries around the world. To drive thier consumer business we are developing innovative products, increasing marketing effectiveness, expanding distribution and acquiring leading brands and niche products. The industrial business supplies products to many of the world’s top food manufacturers and food service businesses from locations primarily in North America, Europe and the Asia/Pacific region. Products include seasoning blends, natural spices and herbs, wet flavors, coating systems and compound flavors. While the McCormick name may not be on the package or menu, we add great taste to a wide range of packaged food including snacks, savory side dishes and cereals, as well as restaurant items that include sandwich sauces, chicken coatings and bread toppings. To grow our industrial business we are supporting the global expansion of customers, building current and new strategic partnerships and developing consumer-preferred, value-added products. With a solid balance sheet and strong cash flow, McCormick has paid dividends every year since 1925 and increased its dividend per share in each of the last 24 years. Effective strategies, our Multiple Management philosophy and a great team of employees are key ingredients behind our financial performance and increased shareholder value. Retail outlets, food manufacturers and food service businesses – they all depend on their spices, seasonings and flavorings. McCormick is so prevalent throughout the food industry that it’s very likely you enjoy the taste of McCormick every day. McCormick employees conduct business under the leadership of their Chief Executive Officer who is subject to the oversight and direction of a Board of Directors. We are open and honest in business dealings both inside and outside the Company. We serve our customers, consumers, suppliers and communities in accordance with the highest standards of business ethics.

Public Register essays

Public Register essays Sarah Payne, an eight-year old girl who was murdered in September 2000 by an (ex) sex offender. Because of that, the British paper News of the world published a list of convicted sex-offenders. Name, photo and place of residence were published. This naming and shaming campaign had far-reaching results. Two (ex)-sex-offenders committed suicide, and five innocent families had to move. The Belgium government prevented a list of convicted sex-offenders at the last moment. The media had paid a lot of attention on sexual offence lately. Because some people want action. They want the data of (ex) paedophiles, concerning identity and place of residence released in a public register. So, that everyone who wants to know where a (ex)-sex-offender lives can consult the register. But the main question is should the identity and place of residence of (ex) sex offender be published in a public register? There are several reasons for a public register. One of them is that the search and prosecution would be easier. It appears that 25 % - 90 % of the (ex) sex offenders fall back in their old behaviour. When the perpetrator is planning to commit a crime again, than he knows, that he would caught faster and easier because of the public register. Even though search and prosecution would be easier, its not right to publish the identity and place of residence of (ex) sex offenders in a public register, because of the rule of law. The constitutional state has a couple of principles. One of them is that the judge rules and not the people. When everyone knows where a (ex) sex offender lives, this principle will be stricken. The people want to be own judge and take the law into their own hands. In my opinion thats wrong. And articles 15 of our constitutional law say that (ex) prisoners have the same right as every citizen. So (ex) sex offender ...

List of Sciences Ologies

List of Sciences Ologies An ology is a discipline of study, as indicated by having the -ology suffix. Here  is a list of science ologies: An Alphabetical List of Ologies Acarology:  The study of ticks and mitesActinobiology: The study of the effects of radiation upon living organismsActinology: The study of the effect of light on chemicalsAerobiology: A branch of biology that studies organic particles transported by the airAerology: The study of the atmosphereAetiology: The study of the causes of diseaseAgrobiology: the study of plant nutrition and growth related to soilAgrology: The branch of soil science dealing with production of cropsAgrostology:  The study of grassesAlgology:  The study of algae; the study of painAllergology:  The study of the causes and treatment of allergiesAndrology:  The study of male healthAnesthesiology:  The study of anesthesia and anestheticsAngiology:  The study of the anatomy of blood and lymph vascular systemsAnthropology:  The study of humansApiology:  The study of beesArachnology:  The study of spidersArchaeology:  The study of past culturesArchaeozoology:  The study of relationships between humans and animals over timeAreology:  The study of MarsAstacology:  The study of crawfishAstrobiology:  The study of origin of lifeAstrogeology:  The study of geology of celestial bodiesAudiology:  The study of hearingAutecology:  The study of the ecology of individual speciesBacteriology:  The study of bacteriaBioecology:  The study of interaction of life in the environmentBiology:  The study of lifeBromatology:  The study of foodCardiology:  The study of the heartCariology:  The study of cells; the study of  dental cavitiesCetology:  The study of cetaceans (e.g., whales, dolphins)Climatology:  The study of the climateColeopterology:  The study of beetlesConchology:  The study of shells and of mollusksConiology:  The study of dust in the atmosphere and its effects on living organismsCraniology:  The study of the characteristics of the skullCriminology:  The scientific study of crimeCryology:  The study of very low temperatures and related phenomenaCynology:  The study of dogsCytology:  The study of cellsCytomorphology:  The study of the structure of cellsCytopathology:  The branch of pathology that studies diseases on the cellular levelDendrochronology:  The study of the age of trees and the records in their ringsDendrology:  The study of treesDermatology:  The study of the skinDermatopathology:  The field of dermatological anatomical pathologyDesmology:  The study of ligamentsDiabetology:  The study of diabetes mellitusDipterology:  The study of fliesEcohydrology:  The study of interactions between organisms and the water cycleEcology:  The study of the relationships between living organisms and their environmentEcophysiology:  The study of the interrelationship between an organisms physical functioning and its environmentEdaphology: A branch of soil science that studies the influence of soil on lifeElectrophysiology:  The study of the relationship between electric phenomena and bodily processesEmbryology:  The study of embryosEndocrinology:  The study of internal secretory glandsEntomology:  The study of insectsEnzymology:  The study of enzymesEpidemiology:  The study of the origin and spread of diseasesEthology:  The study of animal behaviorExobiology:  The study of life in outer spaceExogeology:  The study of geology of celestial bodiesFelinology:  The study of catsFetology  (foetology):  The study of the fetusFormicology:  The study of antsGastrology (gastroenterology):  The study of the stomach and intestinesGemology:  The study of gemstonesGeobiology:  The study of the biosphere and its relations to the lithosphere and atmosphereGeochronology:  The study of the age of the EarthGeology:  The study of the EarthGeomorphology:  The study of present-day landformsGerontology:  The study of old ageGlaciology:  The study of glaciersGynecology:  The study of medicine relating to womenHematology:  The study of bloodHeliology :  The study of the sunHelioseismology:  The study of vibrations and oscillations in the sunHelminthology:  The study of parasitic wormsHepatology:  The study of the liverHerbology:  The study of the therapeutic use of plantsHerpetology:  The study of reptiles and amphibiansHeteroptology:  The study of true bugsHippology:  The study of horsesHistology:  The study of living tissuesHistopathology:  The study of the microscopic structure of diseased tissueHydrogeology:  The study of underground waterHydrology:  The study of waterIchnology:  The study of fossil footprints, tracks, and burrowsIchthyology:  The study of fishImmunology:  The study of the immune systemKaryology:  The study of karyotypes (a branch of cytology)Kinesiology:  The study of movement in relation to  human anatomyKymatology:  The study of waves or wave motionsLaryngology:  The study of the larynxLepidopterology:  The study of butterflies and mothsLimnology:  The study of freshwater environmentsLithology:  The study of rocksLymphology:  The study of the lymph system and glandsMalacology:  The study of mollusksMammalogy:  The study of mammalsMeteorology:  The study of weatherMethodology:  The study of methodsMetrology:  The study of measurementMicrobiology:  The study of micro-organismsMicrology:  The science of preparing and handling microscopic objectsMineralogy:  The study of mineralsMycology:  The study of fungiMyology:  The study of musclesMyrmecology:  The study of antsNanotechnology:  The study of machines at the molecular levelNanotribology:  The study of friction on the molecular and atomic scaleNematology:  The study of nematodes  (roundworms)Neonatology:  The study of newborn infantsNephology:  The study of cloudsNephrology:  The study of the kidneysNeurology:  The study of nervesNeuropathology:  The study of neural diseasesNeurophysiology:  The study of the functions of the nervous systemNosolo gy:  The study of disease classificationOceanology:  The study of oceansOdonatology:  The study of dragonflies and damselfliesOdontology:  The study of the teethOncology:  The study of cancerOology:  The study of eggsOphthalmology:  The study of the eyesOrnithology:  The study of birdsOrology:  The study of mountains and their mappingOrthopterology:  The study of grasshoppers and cricketsOsteology:  The study of bonesOtolaryngology:  The study of the ear and throatOtology:  The study of the earOtorhinolaryngology:  The study of the ear, nose, and throatPaleoanthropology:  The study of prehistoric people and human originsPaleobiology:  The study of prehistoric lifePaleobotany:  The study of prehistoric metaphytesPaleoclimatology:  The study of prehistoric climatesPaleoecology:  The study of prehistoric environments by analyzing fossils and rock strataPaleontology:  The study of fossils of ancient lifePaleophytology:  The study of ancient mult icellular plantsPaleozoology:  The study of prehistoric metazoansPalynology:  The study of pollenParapsychology:  The study of paranormal or psychic phenomena  that defy conventional scientific explanationsParasitology:  The study of parasitesPathology:  The study of illnessPetrology:  The study of rocks and conditions by which they formPharmacology:  The study of drugsPhenology:  The study of periodic biological phenomenaPhlebology:  A branch of medicine that deals with the venous systemPhonology:  The study of vocal soundsPhycology:  The study of algaePhysiology:  The study of the functions of living organismsPhytology:  The study of plants; botanyPhytopathology:  The study of plant diseasesPhytosociology:  The study of the ecology of plant communitiesPlanetology:  The study of planets and solar systemsPlanktology:  The study of planktonPomology:  The study of fruitsPosology:  The study of drug dosagePrimatology:  The study of primatesProc tology:  The study of the rectum, anus, colon, and pelvic floorPsychobiology:  The study and psychology of organisms with regard to their functions and structuresPsychology:  The study of mental processes in living creaturesPsychopathology:  The study of mental illness or disordersPsychopharmacology:  The study of psychotropic or psychiatric drugsPsychophysiology:  The study of the physiological bases of psychological processesPulmonology:  The study of diseases of the lungs and the respiratory tractRadiology:  The study of rays, usually ionizing radiationReflexology: Originally the study of reflexes or of reflex responsesRheology:  The study of flowRheumatology:  The study of rheumatic diseasesRhinology:  The study of the noseSarcology: A subsection of anatomy that studies the soft tissuesScatology:  The study of fecesSedimentology: A branch of geology that studies sedimentsSeismology:  The study of earthquakesSelenology:  The study of the moonSerology:à ‚  The study of blood serumSexology:  The study of sexSitiology:  The study of dietSociobiology:  The study of the effect of evolution on ethologySociology:  The study of societySomatology:  The study of human characteristicsSomnology:  The study of sleepSpeleology:  The study or exploration of cavesStomatology:  The study of the mouthSymptomatology:  The study of symptomsSynecology:  The study of ecological interrelationshipsTechnology:  The study of the practical artsThermology:  The study of heatTocology:  The study of childbirthTopology:  The mathematical study of closeness and connectednessToxicology:  The study of poisonsTraumatology:  The study of wounds and injuriesTribology:  The study of friction and lubricationTrichology:  The study of hair and scalpTypology: The study of classificationUrology:  The study of the urogenital tractVaccinology:  The study of vaccinesVirology:  The study of virusesVolcanology (vulcanology):  The stud y of volcanoesXenobiology:  The study of nonterrestrial lifeXylology:  The study of woodZooarchaeology:  The study of animal remains from archaeological sites to reconstruct relationships between people, animals, and their environmentZoology:  The study of animalsZoopathology:  The study of animal diseasesZoopsychology:  The study of mental processes in animalsZymology:  The study of fermentation

Research Methods In Education Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research Methods In Education Studies - Essay Example 154). 3. The epistemological assumption could be how students beliefs could undergo changes with time and how they could be related to some of their notions in learning. From epistemological questionnaire, the research explained and interpreted the statistical correlations. The correlations are between the independent variables obtained the school level and learning conception while the dependent variable included the factors scores obtained. The implications in the assumption are that by tabulating learning conceptions as the final variable, it resulted to a considerably small estimate of academic performance. 4. The data about procedural and conceptual traits of what learning is like and how learning took place were studied by qualitative data analysis method. The problems realized concerning the concluding sets of learning conceptions were abstracted to an honestly interpretive procedure, says Marton et al. (1993). 5. The design of the particular methods used (participants, procedure and instruments) were reliable and appropriate. The participants, who are secondary students were informed earlier before the investigation. Their parents consent is sought since the students were minors. Administering of questionnaires was done confidentiality by the respondents. Order of administering the questionnaires was random Schommers EQ (1993) and Tynjà ¤las (1997). 6. Ethical consideration such as seeking permission from parents, requesting for student assistance for them to be examined and to test for instruments applicability, analysis such as exploratory and confirmatory were done. 7. Conclusions on the result are valid and relevant to the actual experiments that were conducted. For example, the first correspondence analysis was established on an interdependence technique that facilitated dimensional reduction of qualitative data (Hair, Anderson, Tatham, & Black, 1995,